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by Adee Schoon and Ruud Haak

In today's constitutional states, the discovery of the truth is the guiding force in police investigations. Scent identification line-ups are part of these investigations into establishing what actually occurred.

Besides other existing investigative techniques, the number of scent identification line-ups is increasing in the countries using them. Several other countries are considering implementing such line-ups and are in the process of evaluating how this can be done under their constitutions. This book is a very professional description of the different ways in which scent identification line-ups can be used
 

Besides other existing investigative techniques, the number of scent identification line-ups is increasing in the countries using them. Several other countries are considering implementing such line-ups and are in the process of evaluating how this can be done under their consititutions. This book is a very profession description of the different ways in which scent identification line-ups can be used.

The authors, Adee Schoon and Ruud Haak, have built upon sound research, to which the Canine Department of the Netherlands National Police Agency has contributed significantly.

Table of Contents:

1. Police Tracking Dogs: The Foundation of Suspect Identification
History of the Police Dog
Shepherd Dogs
Night Watchmen
Nose Work
Police Dogs
Suspect Identification
The "DUWE" Murder Case
A Flood of Successes
Homicide Cases
Storage
Other Interesting Cases
Miraculous Stories
Strong Criticism
Amusing Parody
Tracking: The Foundation of Suspect Identification

2. A Short History
Albert's Performances
The Murdered Director
The Murder of the Mayor
Murderer With Manure
Pebbles
National Tracking Dog School
Changing Protocols
A Line-Up of Men
A Line-Up of Objects
Objective Use
Bunches of Keys
Aluminium Tubes
A Little "Fie"
Stainless Steel Tubes
Scent Collection Cloths
The Fitting-Room Murder
"Two Times Six"
Critically Reviewed
The "12-Odors Line-Up"
"Four Times Six"
The "Check First" Protocol
The Murdered Widow

3. Do All People Smell Different? Human Odor Production
Humans Produce Many Odors
The Human Skin
Skin Glands
Composition of Sebaceous Secretions
Life on the Skin
The Lipids
Human Skin and Odor
Forensic Points of Interest
Stability and Sources of Variation of an Individual's Odor
Stability of the Odor Left on an Object
Mixing of Odors as a Result of different People Touching Same Object

4. How Do Dogs Smell? Odor Perception
Introduction
General Principles
The Olfactory Organ
The Signal: What is Odor?
How Does the Odor Signal Reach the Receptor?
Reaction Between the Odor Signal and the Odor Receptor
Impulse to the Brain: The Blubus Olfactorius
Further Processing in the Brain
The Vomeronasal Organ
Remembering Odors
More Sources of Variation
Practical Advice

5. Some Questions and Answers
Introduction
Detection
Discrimination
The Brisbin and Austad Study
Match to Sample
The Hepper Study
What Kinds of Mistakes Do Dogs Make?
Do dogs Use Clues Given by the Handler?
Does the Position in the Row Influence the Result?
Do Dogs Make Other Systematic Mistakes?
Do Dogs Utilize Other Odor Information than "Unique Human Odor"?
The Effect of Hand Washing
Do Dogs Select "The Odd Man Out"?
Do Dogs Prefer the Odor of Certain People?
What is the Effect of Differences in the Line-Up Protocol?
Different Protocols Lead to Differences in Performance
The Magic Scent Machine
Conclusion

6. Training Dogs to Perform Scent Identification Line-Ups
Selection of Dog and Handler
The Development of Training
The Tubes, the Platforms and the Scent Identification Room
The 6 Steps
Building Up Complexity
General Guideline
Variations on Training
Short-Long
Modified Familiar-Nonfamiliar
Familiar-Nonfamiliar Method
General Training Problems
Giving Scent
Speed on the Platform
Beginning at Position 1
Continuing to the End of the Line-Up
Persistence in Choice
Handling Mistakes
Recognitions
Self-Confidence in the Line-Up
Motivation for Working

7. Overview of the Different Systems
Different Countries Use Different Systems
Organization and Responsibilities
Certification System
Material and General Method
Basic Line-Up Protocol and Odor Collection
The Use of Controls in the Line-Up
Handler Awareness
Number of Dogs Used in a Line-Up
The "Hair" Case
Use in Criminal Cases
Law of Frye

8. Reliability of Scent Identification Line-Ups
Matching Scent
Relevance
Many Variable
Analyzing Tests
Statement Validity Analysis
Eyewitness Confrontations
Scent Identification Line-Ups
A Reliable Forensic Method

9. Operational Use of Scent Identification Line-Ups
Introduction
Embedding Scent Identification Line-Ups Into the System
The Scene of the Crime
Collecting Scent Traces
Trace Registration and Storage
Tactical Awareness
Preparing Material for a Scent Identification Line-Up
Conducting Scent Identification Line-Ups
Management Attention
Informing the Judicial System
Maintaining High Quality

The Dutch Regulations
The German Regulations
The Polish Regulations

 

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